Nursing Research

Question: Compose a proof based nursing research. Answer: Presentation: Cannabis is a psychoactive medication, which is gotten from Cannabis plant. It lets down the downturn through easing back the going of the messages in the middle of body and mind. Enormous dosages of cannabis offer ascent to deliver psychedelic impacts in the human body. Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol or THC is the dynamic compound in cannabis. Cannabis is devoured in three unique structures, similar to hash oil, hashish, and weed, through eating or smoking (Aspis et al., 2015). In the weed structure, cannabis will be devoured through smoking the dried plant in a bong or joint. In hashish structure, the dried plant sap will be added to the nourishments while preparing or cooking. Some of the time, the hashish is blended in with tobacco and afterward it is devoured through smoking. Hash oils the oil type of cannabis, which is included at the tip of the cigarette while smoking. The impacts of the cannabis will be seen following an hour while eating structure. Be that as it may, the smoki ng structure influences the body straight away. Be that as it may, smoking cannabis prompts downsides in the later life. Cannabis is additionally accessible in manufactured structure, which has more unfriendly impacts than the first. Therapeutic cannabis alludes to the cannabis, which is recommended to let down the side effects of certain ailments, similar to, epilepsy, sadness, and so on it is critical to have the effect between recreational cannabis and restorative cannabis (Moffitt et al., 2013). Recreational cannabis is utilized to get 'high'. Certain enactment in Australia has encouraged the entrance of therapeutic cannabis to drop down certain ailments. Basic examination of three papers: As per Schubart et al., (2011) the exploration paper Cannabis use at a youthful age is related with crazy encounters talks about the use of cannabis and its relationship with insane encounters in the early age. Cannabis usage is identified with subclinical mental side effects and psychosis. Just because clients, the level of affiliation relies upon age and dose. This current examination researches about the relationship between beginning age and introduction level with specific profiles of subclinical side effects (Schubart et al., 2011). The exploration was performed by gathering the cross-sectional information by presenting an online form of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) from an example of the youthful grown-up populace. Quantitative investigation of cannabis presentation was estimated through the time of essential cannabis age and the measure of Euros went through on cannabis every week. The aftereffect of this investigation shows that in an example of 17 698 young people, the youths who had begun the utilization of cannabis at 12 years old or less, are indicating 10% of insane side effects (Wu et al., 2015). The investigation shows that utilizing cannabis at senior stage is associated with subclinical insane side effects, and it drops down the other negative effects. Cannabis smoking is expanding three side effect bearings, similar to, burdensome, negative and insane. In this manner, in the wake of evaluating this examination paper fundamentally under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it very well may be said that the investigation has concentrated on the point by expressing that utilization of cannabis is age explicit (Porter Jacobson 2013). This investigation has utilized all the esteemed procedure to meet the point. The aftereffect of the examination is significant as it centers around the utilization of cannabis and its relationship with insane encounters in the early age. The aftereffect of this investigation is substanti al as it tends to be applied in the nursing study. As per Veling et al., (2008), the exploration paper Cannabis use and hereditary inclination for schizophrenia: a case-control study talks about the danger of Cannabis utilization for schizophrenia. Some portion of the exploration was done trough condition genotype connection, and another piece of this examination was done through condition genotype relationship. The examination was done on the relationship between utilization of cannabis and schizophrenia and the commitment of condition quality connection in that affiliation. The exploration was directed through case-control investigation of first-scene schizophrenia (Veling et al., 2008). Two coordinated benchmark groups are remembered for this case. Between these two gatherings, one is kin, and another is migrants who have constructed contact with non-mental optional social insurance administrations. The investigating was made by expressing that utilization of cannabis offers ascend to schizophrenia and hereditary inclination for s chizophrenia offers ascend to use of cannabis. Numerical outcomes express that utilization of cannabis is more regularly as opposed to general emergency clinic control and kin. In this way, the examination can b closed by saying that utilization of cannabis is corresponded with schizophrenia, however the relationship of condition genotype isn't found. Consequently, subsequent to assessing this examination paper basically under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it very well may be said that the investigation tended to the goal of this exploration in part (Degenhardt et al., 2013). This exploration had taken all the substantial techniques to address this target. The aftereffect of this examination is significant as it states about the utilization of cannabis and schizophrenia. This outcome is pertinent in the nursing examination to a quit degree. As indicated by Barrowclough et al., (2014) the exploration paper A stage explicit mental treatment for individuals with hazardous cannabis utilize following the primary scene of psychosis: a randomized controlled preliminary talks about the use of cannabis among the psychosis individuals. The utilization of the cannabis among the individuals with the main scene of psychosis indicated the most exceedingly awful outcomes. The developments to diminish the Consumption of cannabis are incapable, and it requires an extensive stretch. The examination was directed among 110 members with one of the three conditions, for example standard consideration, a long inspirational talking - psychological social treatment (MI-CBT) intercession with standard consideration and a short persuasive meeting and subjective conduct treatment (MI-CBT) mediation with standard consideration from an early intercession administration (Barrowclough et al., 2014). The outcome indicated that neither the brief nor the all-encompassing intercessions demonstrated the advantages with respect to lessening the sum and recurrence of cannabis use. These intercessions are not improving the clinical results, similar to backslide, emergency clinic affirmation, working, side effects, and so on the beginning of psychosis and cannabis use can't improve the clinical results and diminish the cannabis use. The issues are showing up in light of the fact that numerous members are not in the dynamic stage, and some of them are not being consented to stop or diminish cannabis. In this manner, in the wake of evaluating this exploration paper fundamentally under Research Paper Critical Appraisal Tool, it very well may be said that the investigation is tending to the goal. This investigation has utilized all the legitimate strategies to address the target (Ycel et al., 2012). The consequence of this investigation is significant as the beginning of psychosis and cannabis use can't improve the clinical results and lesse n the cannabis use. The outcome is legitimate as it very well may be applied to the significant populace. Incorporation and suggestions: Three sorts of exploration had been directed on the utilization of the cannabis and the results of those uses. In the wake of coordinating the three results, it very well may be said that cannabis use is age explicit, and it is related with psychosis encounters and schizophrenia. The psychosis individuals with cannabis utilize impactsly affect the human services. The choices of cannabis use will be made in the wake of talking with various exploration and multi-proficient group (Lorenzetti et al., 2015). From these examination themes, it tends to be said that the medical attendants ought to give the correct information about the cannabis use to the patients. The principal research paper features the way that the cannabis use is age explicit, and it is related with psychosis encounters. In this manner, when the attendants are confronting these sorts of patients, they need to mindful of the reality. They should design their treatment as per the information with the assistance of other c linical experts. For this situation, the medical attendants must be progressively mindful of the portion of the cannabis and the current age of the patient. This case additionally features that the patients use cannabis at the little age or early teenagers. In this way, huge numbers of these cases will be associated with the wrongdoing (Winstock Barratt, 2013). In the palliative consideration, the medical attendants ought to educate those patients who are utilizing cannabis to oversee proficient, professions and life-constraining ailment, about the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and related laws. In the subsequent examination paper, the relationship between utilization of cannabis and schizophrenia is talked about. In this way, when the attendants must be progressively cautious while rewarding the patients with schizophrenia and still being used of cannabis (Silins et al., 2014). The schizophrenia is a hereditary issue, yet the utilization of cannabis isn't related with the inherited acco rding to the examination paper. Along these lines, the medical attendant should be progressively touchy to this reality. The medical attendant's fundamental obligation is to keep the secrecy of those patients who utilize the cannabis at their home. Patients reserve the privilege to keep the report about their utilization of cannabis in regard to their treatment. Schizophrenia is related with numerous psychological issues. These schizophrenic patients can expect that news ought to be unveiled with some other gathering without their insight through the methods for treatment. For instance, while rewarding the patients, the attendants need the information on the connection of cannabis in the life of the patients like whatever other endorsed medication, which needs the counsel of the drug specialist (Degenhardt et al., 2013). Patients will know about the way that they are sharing the data for their advantage, and it will expand the consideration. According to the third examination paper, it tends to be said that cannabis use offers ascend to many negative effects in the patient's life. The medical caretakers need to illuminate those p

Business Management And Leadership - Leading (U4DB) Essay

Business Management And Leadership - Leading (U4DB) - Essay Example 1). He basically doesn't consider people’s sentiments over his own. His self-guideline aptitudes are solid, which incorporates, â€Å"the capacity to control or divert troublesome driving forces and dispositions and the affinity to suspend judgment and to think before acting† (Goleman, 1998, pg. 1). His understanding here is vital. Another solid territory of his is inspiration, which is, â€Å"a energy to work for reasons that go past cash and status† (Goleman, 1998, pg. 1). He has consistently been tenacious in seeking after his objectives. Shockingly, he is feeble in the region of sympathy, which is, â€Å"the capacity to comprehend the EMOTIONAL cosmetics of other people.† I accept that he generally keeps workers separate from significant dynamic procedures. At long last, his social aptitudes, which are â€Å"proficiency in overseeing connections and building systems and a capacity to discover shared view and construct rapport† (Goleman, 1998, pg . 1), could utilize help also. Once more, it integrates with having a frail security with workers as people. The zones of passionate insight that straightforwardly include the sentiments and assessments of others ought to be tended to first so as to turn this circumstance around. In all likelihood, the representatives in this situation don't feel as though they matter particularly to the organization. To start with, it is basic that I figure out how to perceive the sentiments and feelings of the representatives as people. It is additionally significant that I figure out how to comprehend the enthusiastic cosmetics of others. Social aptitudes will likewise be significant so sound connections can be worked inside the working environment. There are a few things that associations can do so as to help build up the passionate knowledge of their directors just as their different workers. The initial step is ensuring that the supervisory crew and representatives have what it takes important to

East Campus, A Home

East Campus, A Home Im writing this blog posts introduction from an Amtrak train heading back to MIT (well, South Station in Boston) from my hometown of New York City. I always manage to overheat when I travel, so Im only wearing two layers: a t-shirt and my winter coat. True to form, I had to shed that outer layer, so despite the 34-degree air outside of this 2250 Acela Express, Im in short sleeves. A few minutes ago, I got up to stretch my legs and walk the length of the car. As I headed back to my seat, I noticed three of my fellow passengers staring somewhat obviously at my shirt. Crap, did I spill something? I like this shirt too. I looked down to check, and I realized that they were probably staring because the center of the shirt looks something like this: Right. Im not at MIT right nowâ€"its easy to forget that this kind of thing isnt really normal in most other places. In fact, Im wearing the 2014 Rush shirt for my dorm, East Campus. (The dorm goes by EC for short, or East Campus Alumni Memorial Housing for long.) Youll find that my dorms been making head-turning Rush shirts for a while. I dont want to make the Admissions Blogs all-East-Campus-all-the-time, so this isnt going to really be a post about my own experiences in the dorm: it turns out that quite a few of my fellow bloggers do live/have lived here, so Ill let them handle that. Instead, as the current East Campus Historian, there are some different angles and perspectives which fall under my purview. Lets clear up some questions. Size/shape/layout/age/location of the dorm? East Campus houses about 365 undergraduates. It consists of two nearly-identical, 300-foot-long buildings known as the West and East Parallels. Each building is five stories high, and each is divided vertically into three houses. Originally, the six houses (named for alumni who donated to the dorms construction) were separate political entities, but over time that was changed to align with the social cohesion on each hall. Nowadays, saying you live in Goodale or Hayden locates you along the hall but is secondary information to saying that you live on, say, First East or Third West. Each hall has its own subculture within the dorm: five allow cats, and two allow smoking. The dorm was originally funded for construction in 1923, and opened to students for the first time in the fall of 1924. Thus, the dormitory turned ninety years old this year. It is the second-oldest dormitory after Senior House, which opened in 1916. East Campus can be found (somewhat unsurprisingly) on the eastern half of campus, bordering Ames Street, and away from most of the other dorms. Wait, why is East Campus far away from the other dorms? Its not just East Campusâ€"Senior House is also on Ames Street. Random Hall is north of most of campus along Massachusetts Avenue, but the rest of the dorms are all on the western half of campus. There are reasons for the separation. Senior House was built along with the Main Group of MITs campus in 1916: at the time, MIT didnt even own the land west of Mass Ave, and there was plenty of space on what land they did own. When the decision was made to build more undergraduate housing (that is, East Campus), it was placed near that first dorm. So why are all of the other dorms on the other side of Mass Ave? The answer lies in the 1949 Lewis Report of The Committee on Educational Survey, on page 137: The plan suggests that the East Campus (bounded by Massachusetts Avenue, Memorial Drive, Ames Street and Vassar Street) be used for classrooms, laboratories, faculty and administrative offices. Gradually as new dormitories are erected, the students would be shifted to the West Campus. The space thus vacated could be effectively utilized for educational expansion. The essence of that suggestion has stuck with MIT for the last 65 years, and has led to a rough division of focus across Mass Ave, which cuts the modern campus in two: west of Mass Ave, youll see a larger focus on student life and activities (dormitories, the student center, athletic fields, assorted clubs), and east of Mass Ave, youll see the focus on academics (classrooms, labs, libraries). I made an animated GIF to try to show this visually: it alternates between a 1924 map of MIT and a 2015 map, with dormitories highlighted (click to enlarge): Youll also notice that the Lewis report calls not only for dorm construction on West Campus, but the relocation of East Campus and Senior House residents into those new dorms. That hasnt managed to happen. Why hasnt that move happened? A mixture of lack of resources and fear of blowback from students and alumni. Thats not to say that plans havent been drafted: in 1969, when MIT released a report on the coming decade of construction and campus changes, it was announced that the 1970s would finally be when East Campus and Senior House would move westward, and the physical buildings were slated to become home to the humanities department. That didnt end up happening, obviously. Furthermore, a lot of both present and past residents of the dorm are quite fond of this place, so the reaction to closing the place weve called home would be fierce. Emotional attachment aside, how is the dorm physically holding up on its ninetieth birthday? Quite well, all things considered! East Campus was built with a bunch of concrete poured over wood and way, way too much rebar, making it a Faraday cage nearly indestructible. Since the buildings are pretty much a fireproof bomb shelter (wrecking balls would just bounce off of them), everythings held up. Cambridge building codes also state that if MIT spends more than some amount of money trying to renovate, then they will need to bring the buildings fully up to modern fire code, ADA[?], etc. and that would open too many cans of worms. As a result, there have been a lot of relaxations over what we as residents can do to the space, giving rise to murals and loft beds and crazy construction projects. That doesnt really explain why murals and loft beds and projects became a thing in East Campus: sure, MIT stopped worrying as much about keeping the walls a standardized color, but how did East Campus end up with a personality? *takes a deep breath* This is a question which is near and dear to my heart. Youre right, there isnt any particular reason why a living space needs to have a culture associated with it. And yet, MITs residential housing system has, for almost a century now, encouraged just that. The idea was that dormitories should have their own student-run government, and be as self-sufficient as possible. Instead of creating freshmen-only dorms or upperclassmen-only dorms[1], students from all four grades were to be housed side-by-side. The result was an environment where upperclassmen could teach freshmen, who would then teach the new freshmen in coming years. Its not a complicated idea, but its a powerful one. Giving a living space autonomy is one thing, but remember who the residents areâ€"not just tenants, but MIT students. Bunking that many creative minds next to each other created a feedback loop, where ideas met people with the technical know-how or the artistic abilities to bring them into action. If you dont know how to do something, chances are someone in this crazy place does. Side note: this also led to a lot of technically-complicated pranks, the beginning of MITs hacking culture. If you want to read up more on what East Campus was like in the 1920s, and what early hacking culture was like, go check out my other blog post on that. Thanks again to Lydia for helping me get that online before I was an actual Admissions Blogger :) East Campus was occupied by the US Army for a brief period during World War II, but after the students returned, starting in around 1950, we began to see the beginning of real dorm identity take root: people identify as East Campus residents, and it becomes accepted that there is a set of stereotypes which follow that identification. East Campus even receives its own catchy song: in 1964, Baker House resident Matt Fichtenbaum 66 and East Campus resident Dan Murphy 65 composed the song Old East Campus, whose lyrics (well worth the read and listen) highlight circumventing hot-plate restrictions, visitor hours, and safe volume levels. The exact gripes no longer apply, but the camaraderie certainly does. Basically, EC gets a reputation as the dorm doing crazy things. In October of 1949 there was a total lunar eclipse, and as The Tech reported, East Campus staged a monster festival [] the flare-lit orgy stayed in the higher noise levels with firecrackers, explosives, and a PA system going strong during and after the eclipse. (Seriously, go read this article.) Youre using one crazy party from over sixty years ago to justify a trend? Well, no, not just that. Turns out that absolutely nothing in East Campus is newâ€"take the pyrotechnics in that article. It turns out that fire has been a long-standing love of the dorm. From the 1928 water war, which involved igniting two abandoned, kerosene-soaked cars in the adjacent parking lot, to the annual May Day riots in the fifties, which featured a bonfire of Institute furniture, to the 1964 Fifth East fire, which burned out a newspaper-stuffed room, to the 1998 Fourth West fire to which students responded by throwing a dance party to We Didnt Start the Fire, to East Campuss modern mascot (as of 2003), which is literally a burning stickman: the dorm has never lost touch with its inner pyromaniac. During dorm-wide events, its not uncommon to hear the Soviet national anthem blaring from speakers in the courtyard. Nothing is new about the use of Communist symbolism around East Campus: take a look at the 2000 East Campus Rush t-shirt design, or the May 6, 1952 issue of The Tech, which describes a mock Communist appearanceled by a student in a red cape, [who] played the communist Internationale to the delight of the Boston newspaper reporters. Nothing that happens here is actually new; its all been done before, but that historical underpinning is what makes this place so attractive to me. There are tons of cultural shifts in play between the years and decades of East Campus residents, and yet theres a common kinship. I am awestruck by how many stories I can read from the dorms past and think Wow, this could have happened yesterday[2]. I am awestruck by how many incredibly awesome alumni I meet who share their tales of adventure, while I sit there thinking This isnt just someone who happened to live hereâ€"this is what Im going to be like in the future, Im what this person was like at my age, and I am totally okay with that. How do hall cultures fit into all of this? The ten halls of East Campus act like microcosms of culture unto themselves. This wasnt always the case: as I mentioned above, students used to consider themselves residents of, say, the Walcott house (southernmost third of the East Parallel), but not Fourth East. Even after the dorm government restructured itself in 1953 to have floor-based political representation, halls didnt really have identities associated with them yet. This would last through the fifties and almost through the sixties. Whats awesome is that the EC alumni from this period are very much around, and have done a lot to help color in the social history. From their words and from records of the time, we can point to three major changes that led to the rise of halls subcultures. First, in 1968, the halls were carpeted and two rooms per floor were converted into lounges: this was part of then-Dean of Student Affairs Ken Wadleighs effort to effect the development of good quality of student living-learning environment in these houses, as he noted in the 1968 MIT Presidents Report. The result was nearly immediate. Unprecedented community activities took place: games of bridge and Three Card Drop, tooling sessions (with blackboard), beer, slackers hanging out, etc., wrote Dave D. 72, in a public email correspondence with other alumni from that era. Soon after the birth of halls social spaces came changes in their social demographics: East Campus was first allowed to go coed in 1970. By the fall of 1971, four o f the ten halls had female undergraduate residents, and the difference in hall attitude was evident. Coed floors were noticeably healthier. Male-only floors were obsessed with sex and had a desperate, testosterone-laden attitude. Coed floors were more normal with the types of interaction you would see in a normal home, wrote Bob L. 78 in a reply. Finally, halls were given a voice in the freshmen-room-assignment process within East Campus after 1970. From Doug W. 74, also chiming in on the alumni thread: When we were allowed to have a mini-rush the next year so freshmen could select specific floors, we tried to make it clear to them that if they wanted a quiet place to study, 3rd East wasnt the best home for them. The more outgoing hacker-types got involved in the mini-rush, and we quickly decided that we should have someone high enough up on the local political food chain that we could have an insider on the floor assignment committee each Fall. From then on, the character of the Hall was self-reinforcing. I assume that process is largely still in place today. Self-reinforcing is the takeaway there: any small jokes or personality biases of a hall could now be strengthened through artificial selection of where incoming students lived. Together, hall culture was primed to grow and proliferate in a way it could not have before. The bulk of halls traditions appear after these changes. The Jack Florey Roof and Tunnel Hackers shirt, designed in a parody of the Jack Daniels Tennessee Whiskey logo, finds its origins in the 1970s, and the shirts are still sold and worn by a large subset of the dorms residents today. Third East picked up the nickname Third East Travelling Animal Zoo in the early 1970s, and within a few years the abbreviation had become a moniker for the hall itself: Tetazoo. East Campuss oldest surviving murals date to this time period as well, with murals being common pretty much everywhere by the late 1980s. Fifth Wests annual first-snowfall tradition, Flames Over New Jersey, traces its roots to around 1980; the alumnus who began the tradition, Ken M. 83, still celebrates it with his family in his Wisconsin home. The halls kitchens were added in 1983, further increasing communal space and mutual support on each hall. The halls have been rolling along ever since. Stories of pranks and water wars and parties and hacks and mayhem arent just written downâ€"we can hear them from those who lived here before us. The oral tradition has been crucial in making each hall into a community. Im glad halls feel connected, but you have described a place which seems loud and scary. Hell, your motto is THE WEAK SHALL BE EATEN. If I live in EC, am I at risk of being eaten when Im having a hard time? No. Not at all. The motto really plays off of this bravado the dorm likes to put on for fun when we act as a unit: youll see it more during dorm-wide events, such as Rush or CPW[?], or in media such as our i3[?] videos. Those events and videos are tons of fun to produce, but theyre not giving you the full story. In truth, Im not the best person to tell you about why people choose to make this dorm their home. At the beginning of the semester, our schools Chancellor, Cynthia Barnhart, was scheduled to hold a meeting in Talbot Lounge at East Campus. The Chancellor is in charge of all things student at MIT, and works directly beneath President Reif in the MIT Administration, so its fair to say that she wields quite a bit of influence over student affairs here. Chancellor Barnhart wanted to visit to learn more about East Campus and dorm cultures overall: why do people choose to live in EC? In preparation, some friends and I set up a website and sent an email to the student and alumni communities at various East Side dorms (EC, Senior House, Random, Bexley[?]). We asked for submissions of any length about why people call these places their homes, so we could present the collective to Chancellor Barnhart and other administrators. Prompts included Why is our residence system special/valuable? and How has your residence affected your life?, as well as What are the problems and threats that you see right now? The response was amazing. Submissions poured inâ€"from upperclassmen, from freshmen, from recent alumni, from not-at-all-recent alumni, from parents, from teachers, from friends. People wrote openly about how living in the dorms had provided them support networks; how their communities had helped them deal with stresses, accept their identities, nourish their mental health. People wrote about how they learned life skills beyond the classroom, how to use power tools, how to put things in places where they shouldnt go, how to do rope work, how to cook, how to help friends and strangers. 167 posts are up on the site, which is now closed as a kind of time capsule. You can view the whole collection here: http://eastcamp.us/culture. I highly recommend that you jump around postsâ€"everything is in chronological order by post time, which has no bearing on their quality. (It would be a crying shame if, for instance, you missed the first post on the site, What makes our dorms great made MIT great, by my friend Allan S. 17.) I can only hope that you do read through parts of the site, and see that THE WEAK SHALL BE EATEN really doesnt describe this place. We call it home for a reason. Post Tagged #East Campus

Who Is The Best Buy A Brand Product Sales, Services, And...

What does it take to be a leader in one’s industry? Best Buy has discovered the recipe for just that in their 50 years of existence. â€Å"Best Buy is a leader in technology product sales, services, and solutions. Founded in 1966 as an audio specialty store, the company as we know it today was largely established in the 1980s when it was renamed and eventually listed on the New York Stock Exchange (Harrington, 2016, p. 1.).† If a U.S. consumer has a need to purchase new electronics at a competitive price, the chances are high that they have a Best Buy store in their vicinity. The company has about 1400 stores and employs 125,000 people worldwide. Originally called the Sound of Music, Best Buy has grown to the point that 70 percent of Americans live within 15 minutes of a store. On top of maintaining a dominant physical footprint, the company has built their e-commerce market share to remain competitive with mega-online retailers such as Amazon.com and Ebay. 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Death And Enlightenment By Augustine - 1313 Words

Death and Enlightenment It may seem reasonable that Augustine accepted, at the time of his friend’s death, that God is unchangeable and humans are a temporary creation and just a part of the whole. However, by paying close attention to the text Augustine is writing the Confessions retrospectively. He ends up recognizing the directionality of his love and the change in his grieving in the future, after the deaths of his friend and Monica. Augustine is looking back on his life and is noticing where his ideas of love and grief were wrong. Only after Monica’s death, Augustine understands that humans are a temporary creation and God alone is never changing. When he looks back in retrospect he also sees the change in his grieving. He ends up accepting that grief is a human sin that God can forgive. When Augustine was a Manichean his passionate attachment to his friends shows how he failed to recognize that the love of friends is good, but friends must be loved in God. Humans cannot be loved in themselves alone because only God does not change. The death of Augustine s childhood friend in Thagaste acts as a message from God. His friend s Catholic family has him baptized before his death, which was almost done to Augustine. Augustine, being a Manichean at the time, no longer believes baptism is essential to life, but his friend, also a Manichean, refuses to share in his disapproval for the Catholic Sacrament and rejects Augustine s attention. Whether the baptism had anShow MoreRelatedSt. Augustine s Confessions And Dante s Inferno1746 Words   |  7 Pagestowards life and passion. In Book VIII.xi (29) the reader finds St. Augustine in a state of despair and anguish because of his ongoing internal struggle between his mind and body. Afterwards, he undergoes a surreal experience that ultimately leads to the climax of Confessions, his conversion to Christianity. The catalyst for his conversion rests upon none other than â€Å"a boy or a girl† who might be chanting, per St. Augustine, â€Å"some sort of children’s game†(152). The chant is a meager four wordsRead MoreSaint Augustine Of Hippo And Saint Thomas Aquinas1590 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy and religion have transformed, faded, and attempted to bring concrete answers to questions regarding human life. Saint Augustine of Hippo and Saint Thomas Aquinas are considered to be the greatest of their times, and are influential in understanding current Christian Church teachings along with philosophical teachings in general. The keystone work of Saint Augustine must be his very personal Confessions while Saint Thomas Aquinas’s keystone work must be his renowned Summa Theologiae. TheseRead MoreTrue Knowledge Is Blinded By Ignorance1658 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage human does not use the soul with the rest of its body, to allow oneself to successfully access the full knowledge, all humans are capable of. The Gospel of Luke teaches one not to cherish material items, because they do not provide true enlightenment. Jesus went around all of Galilee performing miracles, and doing good deeds for the poor. He always stressed that one should not be concerned with material possessions in life, but rather doing good for others. In the Gospel of Luke it says â€Å"TakeRead MoreAugustine s Confessions By Augustine1137 Words   |  5 PagesIn Augustine s Confessions, Augustine tells his entire life story leading up to his conversion to Christianity. Throughout his life, he experiences a vast amount of events, both that had major impacts and minor impacts. In the Confessions, Augustine called these events â€Å"episodes. The episodes supported his transformation of who he was into who he wanted to be after his conversion to Christianity. Certain episodes in Augustine’s life led to inspiring moments, while others lead to grief and painRead MorePlato V. Augustine Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesparallel to those found in the former. Despite the differences in time, men are hindered from their pursuit of goodness, truth, etcetera, by similar, if not entirely identical, desires. That being said, of all of the speeches found in the Symposium, Augustine would connect most deeply to that of Alcibiades. Alcibiades is depicted as a prominent Athenian statesman, a successful orator, and a well accomplished military general. On top of such admirable prestige, he is also quite physically handsome. WithRead MoreMy Life Experience At Holy Trinity Church Of Murree Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesIn my own life experience, I became aware of my state of sin in my early teenage years. Through the ministry of the Word at Holy Trinity Church of Murree in Pakistan, I had a clear understanding of the saving grace provided by the suffering, death and resurrection of our Lord Jesus Christ. I embraced that grace in my youth and began a lifelong spiritual journey. I was baptized as an infant but was confirmed as a teen ager which helped me reflect on my sinful nature and the pardoning and loving natureRead MoreConfessions : The Role Of Friendship On St. Augustine s Spiritual Journey Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pagesis arguably Augustine’s most important text, it continues to influence theologic al discussion even today. Through writing Confessions, Augustine proves himself to be a professional scrutinizer. He analyzes every aspect of his own existence in pertinence to his purpose on Earth and relationship with God. Amongst the numerous topics covered in Confessions, Augustine makes exceptional mention to the role that friendship plays in his spiritual journey. In St. Augustine’s Confessions, the role of friendshipRead MoreAnalysis of Socrates Definition of Justice in The Republic2604 Words   |  10 Pagesat the top of the mountain up which the philosopher climbs after leaving the cave, it must be realized that the journey toward justice is one of labor but not one that is implausible. Context Plato founded the Academy at Athens after Socrates death and preserved the lessons that Socrates had taught, essentially laying a foundation for the study of philosophy in Western Civilization. Platos Republic seeks to unite the lessons of the Academy with the circle of politics that occupied much of PlatosRead MoreAugustine’S Literary Style In Confessions Was Very Effective1712 Words   |  7 Pageschanged over the course of his life as he began to combine Neoplatonic thought with metaphorical analysis of the bible. This journey, later in life, of reflecting upon our relationships to others—and to God—is relatable to most humans, however, Augustine does take it to a much higher level. I found it to be particularly poignant, as so many of us who reach a certain age tend to reassess our lives, seeing how our errant thoughts, ideology, and behavior—and even the material world—have created a barrierRead More Skepticism Essays1139 Words   |  5 Pagesthis case, that the speaker did not really know what they claimed to know. If an assertion can be worked into a contradiction, that means that the original assertion was wrong. While Socrates never claimed that knowledge is impossible, still, at his death, he never claimed to have discovered any piece of knowledge whatsoever. After its introduction into Greek culture at the end of the fourth century BC, skepticism influenced nearly all other Greek philosophies. Both Hellenistic and Roman philosophies

Crtical thinking responses Free Essays

On a sheet of paper, apply the general overview of court structure In the united States (Figure 1. 2) to your local community. A. We will write a custom essay sample on Crtical thinking responses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Within my community we have a Trial court that is capable of handling both minor violations (Misdemeanors crimes, DID, Bail hearings) and a Higher court system which deals with capital offenses and has the ability to convict, sentence and reprimand defendants. 2. On a sheet of paper, apply the list of actors In the courthouse (Table 1 . ) to your immunity. If you live In a rural area, how does your list differ from that of someone who lives in a larger community? If you live in a large metropolitan area, how does your list differ from that of someone living in a more rural area? A. Both rural and metropolitan areas share similar actors in the courthouse such as victim/plaintiff, defendant/accused, the prosecution working on behalf of the state, the defense attorney or public defender assigned to the defendant, and a Judge depending on the case or circumstance a Jury maybe unnecessary as the case doesn’t require. What private, nongovernmental organizations are important to the criminal justice system of your community? A. Lass Cruses Police Department has assigned officers capable of coordinating with local community leaders in creating a Neighborhood watch program which in turn can reduce crime in certain areas. By doing so they utilize a crime control method with this action. 4. Use newspapers, radio, and criminal Justice discussion lists or chat groups to monitor discussion concerning the criminal Justice system. Do citizens make distinctions among police, courts, and corrections, or do they lump everything under How to cite Crtical thinking responses, Papers

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Formal Lab free essay sample

The nitrating agent was prepared by slowly adding cold concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 7 mL, 0. 0319 mol) to cold concentrated nitric acid (0. 6 mL, 0. 0141 mol) in a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask. The mixture was carefully swirled in an ice bath to ensure that the two concentrated acids were thoroughly mixed together. In a second 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask, acetanilide (1. 0 g, 0. 0074 mol) was dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid (1. 5 mL, 0. 0281 mol) by having the acid slowly added to the solid while the mixture was swirled. Heating with a hot plate was also required to dissolve the acetanilide. When all of the solid had dissolved, the flask was cooled in an ice bath. The cold nitrating agent was added drop-wise to the cold acetanilide mixture. The flask was swirled after each addition of the nitrating agent. The flask was kept immersed in the ice bath so that the temperature of the reaction would not rise. The drop-wise addition of the nitrating agent took approximately 5-10 minutes. Including the time of adding the nitrating agent, the reaction was kept in the ice bath for a total of 20 minutes with intermittent swirling. Ice water (10 mL, 0. 555 mol) was carefully added to the flask. The mixture was thoroughly swirled to dilute the acids and was allowed to stand for about 5 minutes with occasional swirling. After the 5 minutes, solid nitroacetanilde formed. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration and rinsed with cold water. The solid was allowed to dry over the Buchner funnel for several minutes. A small amount of this solid was saved in a small test tube. The filtrate was disposed of in the waste jar in the hood. The filter flask was rinsed out with a small amount of water. The remainder of the solid was recrystallized from hot ethanol. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration. A TLC was ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. The solid was allowed to dry until the following lab when it would be weighed and have a melting point taken. Calculations Theoretical Yield: 1. 0 g acetanilide x 1 mol/135. 16 g = 0. 0074 mol acetanilide 0. 0074 mol acetanilide x 1 mol p-nitroacetanilide/1 mol acetanilide = 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide 0. 0074 mol p-nitroacetanilide x 180. 16 g/1 mol = 1. 33 g p-nitroacetanilide Percent Yield: (Actual/Theoretical) x 100 = (0. 17 g/1. 33 g)x100 = 12. 8% yield Rf calculations: First spot: (center of first spot/ solvent front) = 3. 7 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 71 Second spot: (center of second spot/ solvent front) = 4. 6 cm/ 5. 2 cm = 0. 88 Data Results The actual yield of p-nitroacetanilide was 0. 17 grams corresponding to a 12. 8% yield. The melting point was found to be 210-212 °C, confirming that the product’s identity was indeed the p-nitroacetanilide. A TLC was performed on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization. Each sample gave two distinct spots on the filter paper with Rf values of 0. 71 and 0. 88. Discussion Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution reactions. In these reactions, the aromatic ring acts as a nucleophile (an electron pair donor) and reacts with an electrophilic reagent (an electron pair acceptor) resulting in the replacement of a hydrogen on the aromatic ring with the electrophile. Due to the fact that the conjugated 6? -electron system of the aromatic ring is so stable, the carbocation intermediate loses a proton to sustain the aromatic ring rather than reacting with a nucleophile. Ring substituents strongly influence the rate and position of electrophilic ttack. Electron-donating groups on the benzene ring speed up the substitution process by stabilizing the carbocation intermediate. Electron-withdrawing groups, however, slow down the aromatic substitution because formation of the carbocation intermediate is more difficult. The electron-withdrawing group withdraws electron density from a species that is already positively charged making it very electron d eficient. Therefore, electron-donating groups are considered to be â€Å"activating† and electron-withdrawing groups are â€Å"deactivating†. Activating substituents direct incoming groups to either the â€Å"ortho† or â€Å"para† positions. Deactivating substituents, with the exception of the halogens, direct incoming groups to the â€Å"meta† position. The experiment described above was an example of a specific electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction involving the nitration of acetanilde. This was formally the nitration of aniline, but some groups are not always compatible with electrophilic aromatic substitution. Aniline has an amino group (-NH2) which is electron donating and an ortho/para director. However, under the conditions of many electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions like those involving strongly acidic conditions, the amine becomes protonated (-NH3+) becoming electron withdrawing and a meta director. This is undesirable and would have led to a mixture of products. This problem can be avoided by converting the amine group into an amide (-NHCOCH3 in the case of acetanilide) prior to the electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The amide group is called a protecting group and will not form a salt under acidic conditions, is still activating and an ortho, para director. The protecting group can actually be easily removed after the substitution reaction to regenerate the original amine group if desired. In our experiment, we started with the protected aniline rather than have the acetanilide prepared from aniline and did not remove the protecting group at the end. The nitration was carried out with a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid. This mixture gave NO2+ as the electrophilic species and the nitrating agent to be used in the reaction. The reaction yielded both ortho and para-nitroacetanilide as products. Para-nitroacetanilide was separated from the ortho form by recrystallization due to solubility properties. The melting point range obtained during this experiment was very important in determining the product’s identity since the two possible products had very different melting points. The product’s melting point range was found to be 210-212 °C, which is very close to the literature melting point range of p-nitroacetanilide (215-217 °C) confirming the product is essentially of the para form. Since the experimental melting point range is slightly lower than the literature value, there are still some impurities in the product. The impurities on the product are most likely o-nitroacetanilide. The TLC ran on the crude solid, the recrystallized solid, and the filtrate from the recrystallization was beneficial in determining what forms of nitroacetanilide was present at each step of the experiment. The TLC plate used had silica gel as the adsorbent which is highly polar. Ethyl acetate, polar, was used as the solvent. Therefore, the less polar substances would travel further up the plate with the more polar substances staying behind. P-nitroacetanilide is less polar than o-nitroacetanilide and was observed on the plate as the spot with the lower Rf value (0. 71). All three samples showed two spots at each of the Rf values (0. 71 and 0. 88), but the recrystallized solid sample’s second spot (Rf value of 0. 88) was very faint on the plate and was barely noticeable compared to the other two samples. This further supported that there was probably still a little bit of o-nitroacetanilide in the final recrystallized product, as previously shown by the melting point range. It was also expected that the crude solid sample and the filtrate from recrystallization sample would both contain both the ortho and para form and show the two distinct spots on the TLC plate. In conclusion, this lab proved to be successful in nitrating an aromatic compound and isolating the p-nitroacetanilide from the ortho/para mixture of products. The percent yield (12. 8%) was pretty low, but a low percent yield was expected. The sources of error which may have led to such a low percent yield include the fact that we had to separate the para product from the ortho product and most likely lost a good amount of product in this step. Also, the nitrating agent (NO2+) was gaseous and had to be prepared in â€Å"situ† from the reaction of sulfuric acid and nitric acid. It is very probable that we did not have a 100% yield of the nitrating agent prepared to be able to react in the nitrating reaction. As low as the percent yield may have been, I feel confident that the final product was pretty pure. This was evidenced by both the obtained melting point range, which was fairly close to the literature value, and the TLC plate which showed only a little bit of the ortho product. References 1) Sigma-Aldrich website

Brad Touesnard Interview - The Founder of Delicious Brains

Hey WordPress friends, welcome to another edition of the Pirate Interviews series! Lets jump head first into the fall season by interviewing Brad Touesnard, the founder of Delicious Brains, where he leads a team of intelligent developers contributing greatly to the WordPress community.But before we talk to Brad, in case you missed our previous interview, heres Bob Dunn telling us more about his blog and podcast.Brad Touesnard  has been running Delicious Brains, the creators of the popular  WP Migrate DB Pro and WP Offload S3  plugins, for four years now. But besides Delicious Brains commercial products, his team (ten people now) also likes to build creative and useful things just for fun.Before becoming Delicious Brains CEO, Brad used to work as an independent web developer. Now, hes very proud of his achievements and believes that working together with a  group of people will get you farther than working alone.But its not only entrepreneurship that keeps Brad Touesnard busy; he also runs a podcast titled Apply Filters  and a blog where he shares  his insights as a professional WordPress-er.When hes not doing any development or other WordPress-related work, he loves to travel from city to city and explore the beautiful world we live in.Lets hear the rest from the man himself in this Brad Touesnard interview: When and how did you start working with WordPress? Is there an interesting story here?Brad Touesnard:I actually built a custom blogging engine for an online magazine in 2000 and it was only in 2004 when a coworker remarked how great WordPress was and that I should check it out. I started my own blog then and have used WordPress for publishing ever since. I worked with WordPress at agencies and as a freelance developer. I currently run Delicious Brains where we build awesome plugins for WordPress developers.Delicious Brains comes up with ingenious product ideas often (e.g. the latest Facebook Messenger bot). How is your implementation process goi ng on? Is there a schedule or planning for that?Brad Touesnard:Thanks! That Facebook Messenger bot is an open-source thing one of our developers (Jeff) came up with for creating a Messenger bot with WordPress as the backend. We dont have any plans to sell it. You can read all about it in  his blog post  on it though.Our for-sale products include WP Migrate DB Pro, WP Offload S3, and Mergebot. The rest of what you see from our team (like  PHP Serialized Editor  and  WP Image Processing Queue) is out of their own personal interest or interest in contributing to the larger WordPress community.Whats your technique for staying productive throughout the day?Brad Touesnard:Im constantly experimenting with systems that work best for me. Last month, I experimented with completely turning off Slack notifications. Doing so really increased my own personal productivity at first but turned out it was hurting the teams ability to reach me when needed, so notifications went back on. Stil l fine-tuning that one.I think I can credit most of my productivity to just observing what works though. Whats working for me right now is daily yoga practice + a simple list of what needs doing for the day.How do you define being successful?Brad Touesnard:Interesting question.For me personally, Ive been able to create interesting work for myself with the plugins we build at Delicious Brains while still getting to have dinner with the family every night. Its also given me the freedom to work from anywhere and travel while still being intellectually challenged.So Id call that successful for me that definition probably changes depending on whats important to you though.In the past, you worked as a freelancer. What do you find more efficient: working in a team or on your own?Brad Touesnard:Theres a good quote Ive heard that captures this well, something like: If you want to go fast, go solo. If you want to go far, go together.I think with the right team, youre certainly more productiv e. I think what can sometimes feel like wasted time and lack of efficiency for a team can ultimately be better for productivity things like catching up and team building/socializing can mean a better-bonded team. And a more bonded team can often get things done more efficiently. Brad Touesnard:Trying to master the press-to-handstand 🙂What do you wish more people knew about WordPress?Brad Touesnard:That it needs to be kept updated. Security releases come out all the time and when they do WordPress should be updated immediately so that any vulnerabilities are patched. Same goes for plugin and theme updates as well.Whos doing things that are just cutting-edge and incredible in the WordPress space right now?Brad Touesnard:I think the work that the WP Ninjas have done on Ninja Forms 3 is outstanding. Theyve essentially broken out of the mold of WordPress and built a spectacular form builder UI that rivals any form solution let alone any WordPress form plugin.Describe the WordPr ess community in one word.Brad Touesnard:Open 🙂Whats the one thing youd like to change about WordPress?Brad Touesnard:You mean besides which  JavaScript framework Core decides to use? 🙂Maybe the documentation. I often hear from newer WordPress developers that the documentation for various plugins and other pieces arent as clear as they could be.Whats the main threat to WordPress these days?Brad Touesnard:WordPress has competitors. Wix, Squarespace, etc. I think Im actually most concerned about the side effects of reacting to pressures from those competitors. Reacting to a competitor might not actually align with whats best for the WordPress community.What are your recommendations for a WordPress novice?Brad Touesnard:Be patient. Ask for help. Attend a local WordCamp. There are a lot of people who have been where youre at and are happy to help you learn your way. If youre more intermediate, our  blog  (deliciousbrains.com) is a good resource.That sums up our B rad Touesnard  interview. If you have any questions for him, please leave them in the comments section. Also, if you have any suggestions for who we should talk to next, feel free to give us some names in the comments as well!

Current Issues in International Management

Current Issues in International Management Abstract Globalization has played a significant role in the world of business by allowing organizations to transact with little regard to national borders. This is so due to declining international trade barriers together with other international legal barriers that are opening the world to interact through trade more frequently.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issues in International Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One such international trade organization is Union Carbide Limited, an American-based firm that established and operated a subsidiary plant in India for many years before a tragedy known as Bhopal disaster scuttled its operation in the country. However, what came out of that disaster were several ethical issues that the government of India, agencies of the government, the state government of Madhya Pradesh and the company abrogated. The disaster showed that companies could relax in key critical issues to do with the safety of the people, environment, and employees; however, such laxity may lead the firm to incur huge losses. Therefore, the ethical issues prompted the need for corporations to adopt corporate social responsibility policies to guide their operations. This paper looks at the Bhopal disaster ethical issues resulting from the disaster, the concept of corporate social responsibility, and the way it has come to dictate operations of multinational corporations in their international business. Corporate social responsibility, compensation systems As international barriers of trade become loose, MNCs presence in other nations, especially developing nations, became inevitable. As many praised activities of these international companies, it must not be forgotten that their negative effects continue to impact developing societies greatly. For example, one of the numerous criticisms leveled against MNCs in developing nations is that the inflow of FDI has contri buted to the reduction in efficiency while at the same time stifling growth in the host country (Spero and Hart, 2009). The argument is that most MNCs tend to be oligopolistic, predating the local firms and limiting their production, maintaining artificially high prices and as such, earns enormous oligopoly rents (Spero and Hart, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite earning a lot of oligopoly rents, the MNCs mostly fail to reinvest back in the particular nation but extract the rents through profit repatriation and straddling the growth of the developing country (Spero and Hart, 2009). Another argument is that most MNCs participate in blocking the national growth and economic prosperity by absorbing local capital instead of providing new capital. Also, they usually adopt inappropriate technology, create ‘bad’ jobs for the locals, conduct resea rch in their home countries instead of the host countries, and mostly employ expatriates instead of the indigenous people of the host country (Spero and Hart, 2009). Lata and Kumar, investigating and writing about the impact of MNCs in Indian society, noted that MNCs had the responsibility to abide by the laws and rules of the host country, but most MNCs had ignored this fact. The position of the writers is that most MNCs had failed to suit to the needs of the local people and were totally disregarding the values of the people instead facilitating and promoting the values of their foreign companies (Lata and Kumar, 2010). The author believes that MNCs have moral obligations to fulfill in the host society in which they are operating. Further, MNCs are described to be only interested in the low cost of factors of production available in the developing nations where they pay low wages to local employees despite massively exploiting the resources found in those regions. As such, Lata an d Kumar note that MNCs are only directed by their vested interests. Wayans, on another perspective, is convinced that MNCs have provided the developing nations with the necessary and vital financial infrastructures that they have used to develop both financially and socially.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Current Issues in International Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But at the same time, the MNCs have also brought in, â€Å"relaxed codes of ethical conduct that serve to exploit the neediness of developing nations, rather than to provide the critical support necessary for countrywide economic and social development† (Wyans, 2008, p.1). Maybe it is the work of Germany sociologist, Ulrich that captured the role of MNCs in the global trade and transactions when the author explored the concept of risk society. Ulrich observed that, due to globalization and modernization of the world, there were new forms of changes taking place characterized mainly in mass production and technological advancement (Gennip, 2005, p.1). These processes in their form were changing the nature of risks. For instance, as companies strived to produce goods and services in large quantities and at the same time, advance in technology, immeasurable risks were being created in form of â€Å"nuclear, chemical, defense and genetic sectors and also from the generalized use of carbon-based fuels† (cited in Gennip, 2005, p.1). At the same time, widespread industrialization in its totality was exposing the climate of the whole world to more risks that in turn could results in catastrophic changes contributing immeasurable cost to the human society. Ulrich further noted that as these corporate risks intensified, the institutions charged with the responsibilities of managing the risks and protecting the lives of the people on overall were becoming unable to carry out their duties (cited in Gennip, 2005, p .1). This made the author note that, â€Å"threats have begun to outweigh socially agreed safety norms, and there seem to be no rational means at hand to achieve a rebalancing† (Gennip, 2005, p.1). Ulrich observed that there was increased intensification of transnational interdependence and what is evident is that there is establishment and growth in large-scale of â€Å"economic, cultural, political and societal globalization in which the dividing lines among states and even among Western and non-Western societies are ever less valid† (cited in Gennip, 2005, p.1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to increasing technological advancement and the inevitability of global interconnectedness, risks were becoming largely unforeseen where at the same time, â€Å"many of these risks were eluding national control because truly they are global in character and because they can be the totally unforeseen consequence of rapid innovation and technological change† (Gennip, 2005, p.1). This scenario prompted Ulrich Beck to describe the modern and transnational market as a form of, â€Å"organized irresponsibility† and that there was no existence of global governance hence managing transnational corporations had become difficult (Gennip, 2005, p.1). Bhopal Gas Disaster of 1984 Union Carbide Corporation, in its internationalization prospects, established a constituent plant in Bhopal India that manufactured pesticide chemicals, but the night of December 3, 1984, remains as one particular indelible history in the world and specifically to the people and inhabitants of Bhopal r egion. That night, an industrial catastrophe took place at the Union Carbide Indian chemical plant where there was a leak emanating from one of three tanks that were used in storage of highly toxic chemicals that the company used as raw materials to manufacture pesticides (Fadil, 1998). Immediately the leak took place, the entire city of Bhopal was engulfed in a shroud of toxic gas resulting in death of about ten thousands people, about 200, 000 injured with other tens of thousands orphaned and rendered homeless (Shrivastava, n.d, p.1; Fadil, 1998). The parent company, Union Carbide Company, located in USA controlled majority of the share in the Indian plant (Fadil, 1998, p.1); and when the Indian disaster took place, not only deaths and injuries lingered in the minds of many but also the economic consequences. Many families were rendered with no viable financial source to depend on as more and more jobs became scuttled (Fadil, 1998, p.2). The Indian government spending on the needs of the affected people amounted to over $40 million (Hartley, 1993 cited in Fadil, 1998, p.2) while the parent company UCL became legally responsible for the disaster and had to pay $470 million as compensation for the incurred damages (Hartley, 1993 cited in Fadil, 1998, p.2). As a result of the accident, many questions revolving around the safety precautions and code of conduct by UCL are still being asked. The conviction among many analysts is that if the company had adhered strictly to its safety standards and code of conduct, then the accident would have been averted. The tragedy brought to limelight the complexities of morality of international and other big corporations in their business transactions, specifically in developing nations (Fadil, 1998, p.2). Analyzed from the cultural standpoint, the disaster took place because of cultural differences between India and UCL with American roots on how to carry out activities of a corporation in a safer way. For instance, the Indi an government bestowed all responsibilities to the American managers and trusted their ability to operate within appropriate safety measures. Once they were faced with budgetary pressures, the expatriates from America appeared to relax on the safety standards of the company exploiting the vacuum that existed due to lack of India’s government to legislate and enforce any meaningful protective law or regulations (Fadil, 1998, p.2); and as such, the disaster found opportune environment to take place. The legal responsibility bestowed upon the parent company indicates how corporations are being viewed and regarded as ethical institutions where their activities need to be regulated by some minimum moral aspects. As to what resulted in the accident, many factors have been cited. First, there is an almost consensus that the plant location was unfit since it was placed in a densely populated region (Fadil, 1998, p.4; Shrivastava, n.d). in addition, the UCL India management failed in its responsibility to provide early warning to the people of the region about the likely risks of the chemical plant. Moreover, there was notably poor communication connections between the Indian branch and the UCL main headquarter located in the city of Connecticut, USA and many of those employed at the Indian department had inferior training as far as the plant’s matters of technology were concerned especially with regard to appropriate storage of the pesticide chemicals (Fadil, 1998). Also, the Indian government has been held responsible for it lacked ‘tight’ safety standards for the company a compared to those of USA and operations at the Bhopal plant utilized sub-standard measures (Jackson, 1984 cited in Fadil, 1998). Lastly, employee-management problems have also been cited as a probable contributory factor where workers were highly demoralized and their ultimate output and concern for the company became reduced. To what extend can majority of ownership be used to ascertain the liability of various parties in case of major industrial accidents Subsidiary plants are seen to be playing an increasing and vital role especially in providing a competitive advantage but what is becoming clear is the fact that the division of decision making authority between the headquarter and the subsidiary responds to the institutional contexts of both the parent company and the subsidiary (Jong and Vo, 2010). The autonomy of the subsidiary plants is still a contested issue, although the autonomy of the subsidiary plants has gained momentum. But the variations that still exist in the home and host country environments next to and on top of a parent company and subsidiary characteristics constitute the main yardsticks used to determine variations in the autonomy of the subsidiary plants (Jong and Vo, 2010). Currently depending with the particular environments they operate in, MNCs are seen to be different in that, some MNCs give measurable autonomy to thei r subsidiaries in terms of decision-making while others still hold tight the activities and operations of their subsidiary plants. What is evident is that the relationship between the parent company and its subsidiary plants has become important while at the same time appear complicated, confusing and even conflicting (Jong and Vo, 2010). In some instances, the size of the parent company and the level of the diversification of its products have played a key role in autonomy of the subsidiary plants. As a matter of fact, determining the majority of ownership in an effort to ascertain liability in case of major industrial accidents has been hampered by relatively weak international institutions in providing clear guidelines about the operation and autonomy of subsidiary plants. Arguments over which is the best criterion or extent of putting liability responsibility to the parent company or subsidiary company has been a challenge due to loopholes in international systems guiding MNCs. Hence MNCs have been able to put liability of responsibility to their subsidiary plants knowing well the weak institutional environment in the host countries. What is needed is a clear insight into the role and extent of institutional environment in the autonomy of subsidiary plants both in the host and parent countries in which the MNCs operates. Such an understanding will make it possible to ascertain the level and extent of MNCs involvement in the operations of the subsidiary plants and also the level and extent of subsidiary autonomy so that in case of an industrial accident it becomes easier to identify whether it is the parent company or the subsidiary plant has the responsibility for the liabilities. Both national and international institutional framework for the parent and host country will be necessary for realizing this goal. To what extent should be the government responsibility in ensuring MNCs operate within safety frameworks? Pendleton (2004) argues that multinationals cannot just operate on voluntary actions to guarantee the safety upon which they need to carry out their actions. At the same time, Christian Aid organization argues that â€Å"voluntary action by multinational companies is not enough to guarantee the human rights and the environment of poor communities in developing countries is protected† (cited in Pendleton, 2004, p.1). As such the author together with the Christian Aid organization are of the views that there should be international regulatory standards in place with appropriate powers to ensure MNCs operate truthfully within CSR policies, they adopt (Pendleton, 2004, p.1). The convictions of these two categories of people are that while there are some companies that may operate responsibly there are others at the same time that may operate irresponsibly and CSR as the only policy to guide the social responsibility of companies demonstrate numerous loopholes. As such the responsibility of, â€Å"safeguarding the social and environmental rights of poor people as they come into contact with multinational corporations cannot be left solely to the discretion of those corporations† (Pendleton, 2004,p.6). Pendleton observes that in both the developed and developing worlds there exists numerous rules and regulations that companies have to abide to but there is variation from one nation to another with regard to how the controls are enforced. Consensus among many policymakers is that there is a broad agreement that the government has a significant role in formulating and facilitating the most appropriate mechanisms that can result in holding corporations to account for their actions. In its report titled, â€Å"Beyond Voluntarism† the international body concerned with human rights, International Council on Human Rights Policy noted that â€Å"If self-regulation and market forces were the best way to ensure respect for human rights, one might expect since this has been done the dominant parad igm, the number of abuses attributed to companies to have diminished. In fact, in many parts of the world, the experience of workers and communities is precisely the opposite† (Pendleton, 2004, p.5). The human rights watch group content that, MNCs activities in developing countries need to be regulated and the specific governments in developing countries can play an essential role in ensuring these regulation takes place. The government is given the responsibility to incorporate international law to regulate MNCs in their regions and MNCs powers should be limited by having in place a prevention code governing their conduct (Pendleton, 2004, p.5; Tripathi, 2010). An Implementation Plan presented at the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development in South Africa, shows that various governments should move with speed to, â€Å"actively promote corporate responsibility and accountability, including through the full development and effective implementation of intergovernmental ag reements and measures, international initiatives and public-private partnerships and appropriate national regulation regulations† (Pendleton, 2004, p.6). On its report, the Government of India’s industrial safety report noted that the government has a significant role to play towards ensuring the safety of plants, especially those operated by the MNCs. For instance, the report establishes that the government should accomplish the following: build and maintain an overall safety and health culture in all plants that operate in the country; design appropriate and suitable control systems of compliance, enforcement and incentives for better compliance; provide administrative and necessary technical support services; and establish and develop the research and development capability in emerging areas of risks and provide for effective control measures. In addition, it should focus on prevention strategies and monitoring performance through improved data collection system on p lant accidents and other related activities in industries; development and provision of the necessary technical manpower and knowledge in the critical areas of industrial safety and environment; and continue to establish effective mechanisms that can be used to enhance community awareness regarding industrial safety and the environment. Moreover, it plays a part in designing and providing in advance effective enforcement machinery as well as suitable provision for compensation and rehabilitation of affected persons; effectively putting into application laws and regulations concerning industrial safety, health and the general environment through adequate and elaborative inspection system. Other aspects worth noting include ensuring employers and employees and other people affected by the particular industry have distinctive and separate but complementary responsibilities and rights particularly to achieving safe industrial working environment; making changes to the existing laws and regulations related to industrial safety and align them with relevant international instruments; and lastly by monitoring the adoption of national standards through regulatory authorities (Government of India, n.d). Government agencies have a responsibility to ensure policies of the government concerning safety are observed. For instance, agencies are given powers to issue permits, licenses, carry out feasibility studies, conduct monitoring, and evaluation of various plants and as an overall duty, ensure industries or plants adhere to total quality assurance practices. Bhopal disaster indicated how the government agencies relaxed on their duty if not a requirement. When industries flout in their safety policies without government agencies sounding alarm, then in great measure they are abrogating in their duties. Agencies, unlike the government, are full of technocrats in their specific area and their role is to see implementation of the government policies with any failure. When the agencies fail in their duty then according to the law, they have acted out of negligence which they should bear legal responsibility for such negligence. Which criteria should be used in determining compensation for the Victims? Compensation for the Bhopal disaster victims has been a long and bitter battle for justice both in Indian and American courts (Engel and Martin, 2006). Five methods have been suggested by Engel and Martin which the company can use to ease the tension or go over the case: â€Å"covering the evidence, devaluing the victims, reinterpreting the events, utilizing official investigations in response to the event and intimidating and bribing the victims† (Engel and Martin, 2006). However, which is the appropriate compensation scheme for the victims? There exist principal methods of compensating victims of any particular accident and these methods include the common law action for damages; workmen’s compensation; medical benefits insurance; other form s of personal accident insurance and social welfare payment. Looking at the Bhopal disaster and how compensation was facilitated, it became evident that the compensation scheme was individual-based, where the criterion mainly put into consideration the: deaths, and injuries the victims suffed. In its nature, the system shows numerous loopholes, for instance, determining to extend and magnitude of individual injury and equating it with ‘appropriate’ amount of money largely appear impossible. Also, an individualistic system is mostly economically oriented postulating that perfect compensation in terms of money for the victim will bring out total healing. The suggestion is that for a total and more comprehensive compensation scheme to be realized then there is a need for a holistic investigation, analysis and determination of the emotional, psychological, physical, environmental and societal injury the victim has undergone and the broad consequences the injury has affected the victim in terms of these aspects. The Indian government took the responsibility of carrying out compensation to the victims using â€Å"a multi-tier grievance redressal system† (Mahapatra, 2010, p.1) a conservative system of compensation that even when some victims went to court to challenge it, the supreme Indian Court did little to subvert the government policy it had adopted on the victim compensation(Mahapatra, 2010). This compensation scheme was primarily based on specific individuals for death or injury; therefore, it was an individual-based distribution scheme. It failed to respond to the severe medical and social consequences of the Bhopal disaster (Kibel, 1999). As such, this individual-based scheme needs to be integrated with community-based distributions for it to be appropriate (Kibel, 1999). The community-based distributions will be essential in providing funds to the institutions, programs, and services that are involved in serving the larger collective gro up of persons poisoned and injured especially those of Bhopal accident (Kibel, 1999). This, in turn, will contribute to long-term relief of the survivors. Under the community-model of compensation, Indian government instead of individually compensating the individuals can invest in modern hospitals, staff and facilities, invest in programs and services to address soil detoxification and family relocation, invest in schools, programs for job retraining and new housing construction with aim of improving long-term social security benefits for the victims of the disaster(Kibel, 1999). To ensure speedy and fair compensation for the victims, a transparency report analysis of the victims is necessary and also coordination of crucial government agencies need to work in harmony and transparent manner. The most critical agencies that should oversee their activities related to victim compensation include health, legal, and the treasury. A fair compensation criterion is only viable when the age ncies facilitating the compensation process are able to design the scheme purely by considering the various and interrelated factors that are perceived to be associated with the injured victim. In this regard, factors of social, economic, emotional, psychological, environmental, and physical need to be incorporated in designing an effective, fair compensation scheme. Therefore, the proposition is that assessment of damages on the part of the victim should be thorough, transparent, efficient, and non-bias for fair and fulfilling compensation to be realized. Courts responsible for handling the Bhopal victims’ case MNCs for a long time have operated within the legal principles of â€Å"separation of corporate identity and ‘forum non-conveniens,’ and the effects of these principles has been that MNCs operate with double standards† (Meeran, 1999, p.1). As it will be evident from the developing countries, the legal justice systems are relatively weak and loophol ed an opportunity MNCs will want to exploit especially in liability cases (Strike, Gao and Bansal, 2006). Bhopal disaster offers a candid example whereby UCL fought for the case to be facilitated by the Indian courts claiming that the accident took place in India, involving Indians and therefore it was ‘rightful’ for the Indian courts to carry out the case instead of the American courts. The corporate veil law gives the parent company owning subsidiary plant in another region a break from being held responsible in legal terms for any behaviors regarded as unlawful by the subsidiary plant and the MNCs are only seen and recognized to be shareholders (Meeran, 1999, p.1). Therefore, citing the Bhopal case and considering the law in place, it becomes clear that the Indian country is the custodian to Bhopal disaster case and not America, although ultimate justice may be a pipe-dream. When MNCs escapes responsibilities of their subsidiary plants the victims who suffer become d ifficult for them to achieve meaningful justice redress (Meeran, 1999, p.1). Therefore, what is needed is the development of commercial law in relation to MNCs to ensure that significant cases involving MNCs are tried and litigated in a country that appear and demonstrate the ability of being cost-effective especially relieving the burden of the defendant and also in a country that seems to be, â€Å"clearly and distinctly more appropriate forum in which the victim is assured to receive genuine justice† (Meeran, 1999, p.1; Anon, 2010). International law framework is growing at a commendable speed and the interesting but encouraging thing about the law is its ability to institute effective mechanisms of holding corporations accountable for their actions (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008, p.1). The modern world operates on the conviction that political, social and environmental policy and an effective human rights model is critical and essential in est ablishing a fair, just and equal society (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008, p.1). Today both the government and corporation are bestowed with legal responsibility, especially with regard to violation of human rights. The International Criminal Court has in its structures established a legal mechanism that tries to see government and corporations operate in the best interests with aim to promote and enhance human rights. Although corporations have resisted these attempts of regulation by the international law enforcement agents claiming that their voluntary initiatives coupled with codes of conduct are enough to ensure sufficient protection of human rights, the international law agencies have remained steadfast and argued that corporations need to bear economic and legal obligations and accountability for their actions (Association for Women’s Rights in Development, 2008, p.1). In ensuring the adherence to principles of human rights the international criminal court has emphasized that corporations that violate human rights in any nature should be accountable and compensate in terms of indemnification, restitution and rehabilitation for the accident incurred to an individual when violation of such individual’s rights takes place. When Bhopal disaster took place, there was gross violation of human rights by the parent and subsidiary companies involved. People lost lives, others were seriously injured and impaired while others deformed, and the overall environment of the region was destroyed. Hence these events account for gross violation of human rights which in turn prompts the international court to hold both the government of India and UCL Company for failure to ensure security of people and the environment and thus be accountable both legally and economically to the victims of the disaster. To what extent are courts appropriate in resolving international liability cases? International liability cases exhibit more compet ing interests between the parties interested in the case and therefore, any forum apart from court is likely to be influenced or biased by the weighty issue of the matter. The court system appears to have well defined procedural conduct and code of carrying out its operation that manifests no or less bias. The panel of judges is largely guided by strict code of ethics and therefore, their decisions are likely to be impartial and less influenced by the interested parties. But at the same time, there are other avenues that the court can refer the parties to in an outside-court resolution of the dispute. Such forums include conflict resolution institutions, board committees, citizen dispute settlement programs, and multi-door tribunal. To ensure fairness the court can keep some relative form of involvement in the alternative dispute resolution mechanism. What corporate and business policies should firms’ adopt in order to minimize occurrence of major accidents? With increasing c ompetition, there is likelihood that firms may engage in activities that may compromise the safety of employees, community, and environment (Fatima, 2007). It is against this background that corporate social responsibility policies and business code of conducts are becoming popular as frameworks that guide the various operations of the firms (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005). In 2004, Economic Intelligence Unit carried out a research that established that there is increasing emphasis on corporate responsibility and this was having an effect on how various companies related with their stakeholders such as investors, customers, suppliers, employees, communities and governments (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005). In another survey conducted the same year involving 166 executives of the various companies and 65 investors, it was observed that: CSR was becoming a central and critical consideration in investments decisions (85%). The three vital aspects of CSR identified by the respond ents were ethical behavior of staff, good corporate government, and transparency of corporate dealings. Finally, the respondents also identified the importance of CSR to enhance firm’s brand (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2005). The risks presented by forces of globalization, competition, increasing technology coupled with growing business ‘misbehavior’ for the stakeholders and the environment have necessitated need for corporate social responsibility programs to ensure businesses create and improve their ability to function within the precepts of sustainable development (Rooyen, 2007). In return, CSR has provided continuous benefits to the business and its stakeholders despite the size of the business and once a business operate within well-defined guidelines, and the business entity becomes more competitive because of enforcing a workable CSR policy (Rooyen, 2007). As a result, Rooyen notes that â€Å"the attraction of corporate social responsibility for many b usinesses is that it can help to increase sustainability without creating negative effects† (Rooyen, 2007, p.1). Activities of MNCs have â€Å"prompted international organizations, the media, human rights groups, social investors and consumers, as well as some corporate executives, to discuss the responsibility MNCs share† in promoting social safety and stability of the society (Bennett, 2002). Social responsibility includes both the economic and legal obligation but also reflects, â€Å"Ethical standards or judgments of social desirability† (Boatright, 2003 cited in Bacher, 2007, p.9). In its broadest definition and operation, social responsibility is further seen to include the environmental responsibility and the concern for sustainability, whereby these, â€Å"additional behaviors and activities are not necessarily codified into law but are expected of business by society’s members† (Carroll, 1979 cited in Bacher, 2007, p.9). As such, corporate social responsibility (CSR) has come to characterize MNCs operations in the developing countries. Although it constitutes varying meanings, CSR definition is adopted to indicate that: private sector firms have a responsibility to ensure that they do not contribute to the violations of human rights and that they promote and respect of these rights and respect needs to be observed in terms of employee core labor standards. Besides, MNCs have to ensure that local communities benefit from larger company’s operations in the developing nations; that there is responsible management of environmental impacts of a company’s operations, including emissions, waste and use of sustainable resources, as well as avoid cases of corruption and increase transparency in their business practices. Moreover, there is need for incorporation of social and environmental criteria in procurement decisions (Unden, 2007). The concept of corporate social responsibility gained momentum during the per iod of intense globalization between the 1950s and 1970s (Bacher, 2007). These periods saw post-war investments by the America companies in Europe and Japan intensify and as a result, most of the USA companies put a lot of their capital in these nations; consequently, the corporation grew in size and power (Bacher, 2007). As MNCs activities intensified abroad, social issues such as poverty, racism and unemployment together with environmental degradation became the focal issues that attracted numerous requests for the companies to modify their roles and take more significant part in community involvement and activities (Bacher, 2007). The initial corporate social responsibility outlines were concerned with how to secure and maximize profits for the shareholders, but as time elapsed, social and ethical responsibilities started to attract attention especially after acceleration in some big-scale corporate wrongdoing such as tax evasion and exploitation of foreign governments by the man ipulation of transfer prices (Bacher, 2007). CSR and business ethics advocates postulate, â€Å"Corporations have an interest in leveraging their skills and impact to promote stability in their areas of operation, not only because it is the right thing to do, but also because it makes good business sense† (Bennett, 2002). In order to ‘police’ the operations of the MNCs, traditional human groups have utilized international law to ensure these corporations are not complicit in human rights abuses and the overall general consensus has been that MNCs operating across borders need to take responsibility for the effects of their operations on the local environment and population (Bennett, 2002). Multinational corporations have been seen to challenge the ability of sovereign nations to control corporate operations and impacts where they appear to be too big and powerful (Boatright, 2003 cited in Bacher, 2007). At the same time, unregulated operations of the MNCs have th rived due to poor enforcement of the international law which has led to vacuum that only self-imposed, enforced and monitored standards can fill, making it a risky undertaking (Bacher, 2007). When these MNCs show laxity in their corporate operation, the public concern heightens due to lack of a representative to champion the interests of the society. Generally, what becomes evident among these MNCs is the lack of social and environmental responsibility, where social responsibility arises from social power that MNCs possess (Bacher, 2007). In some cases, self-imposed standards have existed, but they have been limited to addressing only the interests of the corporation and the avenues where the corporation function-market (Bacher, 2007). CSR has been viewed by others to be costly, and therefore reduce the profitability of the firm. However, the basis here can be that business as an entity has responsibility to numerous and diverse groups in society and not just owners of the business (Corporate social responsibility, n.d). The responsibility further extends to the natural environment and the community. With the growing awareness among the people and increasing risks created or initiated by businesses, it becomes costly to a company if it does not act responsibly or if the general perception believes, the business is not being responsible to its stakeholders. Therefore any meaningful balance between well created CSR policies and guidelines and the cost associated in implementing them have a chance to re-brand the image of the business, increase stakeholders confidence in the business and also reduces legal costs for the business and in the long-run the benefits for the business will outweigh the initial costs of implementation. Critical ethical issues from the Bhopal disaster The Bhopal disaster is an event that revealed how ethical behavior can elapse at full watch by key stakeholders such as the government, organs of the government and the companies involved. T herefore, because of the disaster, critical ethical issues emerged specifically from the tragedy itself, the conduct, and reaction of the UCL Company, the government’s role, the company’s failure to ensure appropriate safety measures and standards and lastly the agony of the victims due to delayed justice. When the tragedy took place, the first reaction of the UCL Company was to deny and distance itself from drama claiming the Indian plant was fully responsible. Further, the company accused one of its employees to have carried out ‘a sabotage mission’ in a ‘revenge’ attack. Ethically how can UCL, with majority shares in Indian plant, deny its responsibility to the tragedy? How is the current law concerning MNCs contribute to MNCs evasion of duties due to the inappropriate behaviors of the subsidiary plants and hence is it ethical for such law to continue operating in such form? Further is it ethically for MNCs continue controlling their subsid iary plants in terms of daily operations but in an event of accident leave the responsibilities to the plant in an effort to evade duties and if so, what should be the extend of MNCs involvement in activities of their subsidiary plants? On its part, was it ethical for the Indian government to grant the company land in a densely populated region even after studies showing the dangers of such undertaking was carried out? Was it ethical for the same government to entrust the company with full responsibilities of enacting safety standards without regulation or monitoring mechanisms in place? Why was the government reluctant to inspect the equipment of the company to ensure its safety and sustainability? Was it ethical for the state government of Madhya Pradesh to deny the citizens of Bhopal critical safety information that would have enlightened them on the possibility of disaster occurring (Frewen, 2010)? For UCL Company, how was there reaction? Why did they not alert people? Why were the alarms not functioning? After the tragedy, UCL CEO came to India but was arrested by the state of Madhya Pradesh police before the New Delhi government intervened and secretly deported him, therefore, was it ethical for the company to deport the CEO when charges against him were abundant (Frewen, 2010)? And up to now, the CEO is still free and comfortable, while victims loathe in suffering and despair, hence is it ethical for the legal and government institutions to continue with their laxity in ensuring justice is done? Then lastly on the compensation of the victims, was it done in an ethical manner of fairness and justice, putting in place numerous factors as a result of the disaster? Did the compensation meet the emotional, psychological, and physical torture of the victims, how ethical should the compensation system be carried out? Is it moral for justice to victims to continue being delayed? And how ethical can the government, agencies of government, and the company ensure future business operations do not pose risks to the citizen? In short, Bhopal disaster demonstrate ethical issues that can be seen to originate from a chain of development of technology where the decision to operate a dangerous plant in a densely populated region, which did not have capacity for technical and institutional infrastructure to support it, compromised decisions in terms of giving the facility the necessary safety standards. This is in addition to failure to properly operate and ensure the facility is well maintained and more sorrowfully and ethically wrong the failed position of the government and industry to look beyond the legal issues and in a humane manner attend to the needs and justice of the victims. All these questions revolve around the ethicality of events that surrounds the Bhopal disaster, which when investigated, can reveal how corporate social responsibility frameworks and policies are necessary for the business. How should corporate responsibility toward environmental protection, worker, and community safety change? Evidence from the developing nations is that MNCs are operating in such countries’ import’ CSR from their home countries with less regard to the varying and interrelated factors that exist and affect the overall existence and operation of business in developing countries. Therefore, when the implementation process starts, it becomes clear that achieving the goals or connecting the CSR policies to critical stakeholders do not succeed. What is needed in new CSR policies are that the culture, values, norms of the host country regarding work, environment and community need to be studied and incorporated (Waldman, Luque, Washburn and House, n.d; Robertson and Fadil, 1999). Further community affected by the activities of the company need to be integrated into decision-making processes on what particular responsibilities should the company working in their area be involved in. This will make the CSR policies to re flect the specific societal issues and concerns in which they intend to operate. At the same time, most stakeholders in developing countries have little understanding of the CSR and therefore, education, training and public awareness need to be incorporated in the CSR designed for these countries. The role of government need not be ignored as a key and powerful institution controlling activities in which MNCs operate (Porter and Kramer, n.d). The government assumes a principal responsibility in ensuring effective and appropriate CSR work within the established framework. For the Bhopal tragedy, the voluntary aspects that the company would have done include: public education and awareness on the importance and dangers of MIC, establishing an emergency communication system for efficiency in case of disaster and participating in a continuous environment safety auditing of their facility to ensure defaulters are detected early. Conclusion Globalization is a phenomenon that cannot be ign ored especially its impacts of internationalization (Bennett, 2002). Corporations’ movement to the developing nations is proving to be profitable, especially with consideration of the reduction in the cost of factors of production available in these regions. Nevertheless, the presence of big corporation wielding a lot of influence and power has resulted in these corporations participating in numerous ‘misbehaviors’ and later using legal mechanisms to evade the responsibilities. The corporation’s misbehavior is manifested in the prolonged environmental destruction, overexploitation of resources, poor working conditions for its employees and even endangering the safety of the larger community. As a way of regulating and ensuring appropriate business conduct and behavior is promoted, CSR and codes of conduct are fast-becoming requirements for the corporations to adhere to. At the same time, existing literature postulates the role the parent MNCs can foster to its subsidiary plants, especially in developing countries. When compared to the operations in their home countries, MNCs are seen to adhere to the regulatory and law institutions more strictly and this has resulted in stricter corporate social responsibility being observed. Moreover, beyond complying with the increasingly stringent regulations, most MNCs are determined to preserve their ethical image, avoid serious legal liabilities, satisfy the safety concerns of the employees, consumers and the communities they are working with. In addition, they need to respond to government regulators and other stakeholders and develop new safer business in order to remain competitive in the world market (Wehrmeyer and Mulugetta, 1999). Therefore, since most MNCs in their home countries have been able to adopt global standards established by the international trade and investment organizations, the same organizations have to exert influence on their subsidiary plants to adopt global standards o f proactive environmental management strategies (Wehrmeyer and Mulugetta, 1999). International certification such as ISA 9000 also can be adopted by MNCs in their subsidiary plants since such certification ensures firms total quality management (TQM) measures have been met and therefore environmental, social, and economic safety of it is constituent’s plants can be guaranteed (Wehrmeyer and Mulugetta, 1999). At the same time, the corporations can use international standards such as Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) and also ISO 14000 to instruct its constituent plants to adopt and adhere to such global corporate management systems. Therefore, it will be necessary for the MNCs corporations to adopt and implement sustainable CSR and the role of the government should be to ensure these corporations’ operations are carried out within proper legal framework. References Anon. (2010). Transnational Corporations Liability for environment Harms. Retrieved from http://inves ting.blogandinfo.com/2010/08/07/transnational-corporations-liability-for-environmental-harms/. 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